巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济林业发展比较与分析

热带森林生态系统具有重要的生态系统服务功能和价值,然而人类社会发展正影响着其完整性和稳定性。以巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济为代表的太平洋岛国拥有丰富的热带森林资源,但森林资源的过度采伐和土地资源的不合理利用正在导致热带森林面积急剧减少。文中介绍了巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济这3个太平洋岛国的森林资源现状,着重分析和比较了这些国家的森林资源现状、林业管理体制、政策与机构,以及林业生产与贸易状况,以期为在“一带一路”倡议下我国开拓太平洋岛国地区国际市场提供重要信息支撑。     

不同浓度“生命素”对碧玉兰生长发育的影响

为探索研究喷施不同浓度的“生命素”对碧玉兰生长发育的影响,找出最有利于碧玉兰生长发育的“生命素”浓度,以碧玉兰为研究对象,研究了“生命素”在稀释400倍、600倍、800倍三种浓度叶面肥的施用条件下,利用Li-6400光合作用测定仪测定了碧玉兰的光合特征指标,包括净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度,并测定了它们的生理指标包括叶片中的N、P、K含量。结果表明:在400~800倍浓度叶面肥喷施条件下,碧玉兰光合特征指标差异显著,其中喷施600倍浓度“生命素”的碧玉兰光合特征指标相对较高,对N、P、K等营养元素吸收也相对较好,效果最为显著。     

A new species of Rosenscheldia (Dothideomycetes) from Brazil

A fungus forming black stromata with several immersed ascomata was found associated with living branches of Protium warmingianum (Burseraceae) in the Mata da Biologia, city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species differs from all five species found on literature and is fully described, illustrated and compared with the other species described in the genus. This is the first species of Rosenscheldia found on burseraceae hosts in Brazil and the first species on the host genus Protium.     

热带高温地区碾压混凝土重力坝温控措施

为了研究在高温环境下浇筑大坝混凝土时,控制浇筑温度和通冷却水等常用温控措施的效果、探索适用于高温施工环境的温控措施,利用有限元法对某一位于热带高温地区的碾压混凝土重力坝进行了施工期和运行期的全过程温度场和温度应力场仿真计算,对比分析了不同冷却水水温和浇筑温度下的坝体温度场和温度应力场.计算结果表明,坝体温度应力受浇筑温度和冷却水水温影响较大,将坝体基础约束区的浇筑温度从25℃降低到23℃、冷却水水温从20℃降低到15℃时,坝体最高温度从36.9℃降低到了34.6℃、最大温度应力从1.64MPa降低到了1.40MPa,此结果满足该大坝温控防裂要求.由此可见,在高温地区建混凝土坝时,在相对较高的浇筑温度和冷却水水温的施工条件下,坝体的温度和温度应力可得到有效控制.研究成果对简化温控措施、缩短工期、减少投资有重要参考意义.     

Autochthonous Chagas disease in the southern United States: A case report of suspected residential and military exposures

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection that can result in a progressive dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we present the epidemiologic details of a suspected locally acquired transmission case originating from the southern United States. This is the first published report of Chagas disease in a young, healthy United States veteran with repeat triatomine exposures in Arizona. Military personnel and Arizona residents should be aware of their Chagas disease transmission risks.     

热带大西洋拟锥齿鲨资源动态和空间分布研究

拟锥齿鲨是热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中较为常见的兼捕物种,处于海洋生态系统的顶端,对维持海洋生态系统的稳定性和多样性起着非常重要的作用。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2010—2015年在热带大西洋海域调查时收集的1 561尾拟锥齿鲨数据,对其资源动态和空间分布进行了初步分析,结果表明:在研究的海域内(6.33°S~17.43°N,18.25°W~42.03°W),拟锥齿鲨CPUE高的区域为5°N~10°N,20°W~30°W;2010—2015年CPUE呈现波动,整体有上升的趋势,但不显著;软骨鱼类占总渔获物的比例整体呈下降趋势;拟锥齿鲨兼捕数量占总渔获的5.8%,占兼捕软骨鱼类的22.5%;拟锥齿鲨在12月—3月的平均CPUE较高。拟锥齿鲨最大叉长组(叉长范围在85~90 cm)的个体多分布在5°N~7.5°N,27.5°W~37.5°W和5°N~0°,25°W~30°W这两个区域。拟锥齿鲨理论钩获深度范围为140~313 m,平均深度为221 m。1、2、3钩位(140~212 m)的上钩频率最大,占总上钩率的55.59%。10月至次年4月不同月份拟锥齿鲨的钩位分布没有显著性的差异。妊娠期拟锥齿鲨明显分布于较浅的水层。不同钩位拟锥齿鲨的摄食等级无显著性差异。     

热带农业经济学科体系建设的探讨

分析热带农业经济学科发展现状、存在的问题及建设的意义,探讨热带农业经济学科未来发展的趋势,对拓展热带农业经济学的学科领域、构建现代热带农业经济学科体系提出建议。     

Effects of in vitro exposure to mercury on male gonads and sperm structure of the tropical fish tuvira Gymnotus carapo (L.)

This study investigated the progressive effects of HgCl₂ in the testis and sperm of the tropical fish tuvira Gymnotus carapo L. exposed to increasing Hg concentrations (5–30 μm ) and increasing exposure times (24–96 h). Histopathology and metal concentrations in the testis were observed. Hg concentrations in the testis reached 5.1 and 5.2 μg g^?1 in fish exposed to 20 and 30 μm of Hg, respectively. Hg effects on testicular tissue were observed even at low Hg concentrations, with no alterations in gonadosomatic index. However, the quantitative analysis of the induced alterations (lesion index) demonstrated that the Hg effects in testis became more severe after exposure to higher concentrations (20 and 30 μm ) and during longer exposure (72 and 96 h), probably leading to partial or total loss of the organ function. Hg exposure (20 μm ) also affected sperm count and altered sperm morphology. This study showed that HgCl₂ caused progressive damage to testicular tissue, reduced sperm count and altered sperm morphology. These results are important in establishing a direct correlation between Hg accumulation and severity of lesions.     

海南岛热带山地雨林三种不同演替阶段 典型植物苗期光合特性研究

为研究海南岛热带山地雨林不同演替阶段植物的光合特性,比较了不同光梯度下3个典型树种幼苗在晴天和阴天时的光合生理日变化过程。先锋种黄桐有最强的叶温控制能力,日变化中叶温低于中期种显脉杜英和顶极种乐东拟单性木兰。中期种显脉杜英有最高的光合生理可塑性,晴天时,显脉杜英净光合速率与黄桐差异不显著,叶温低于乐东拟单性木兰;阴天时,净光合速率和叶温与乐东拟单性木兰差异不显著。与显脉杜英相比,黄桐和乐东拟单性木兰的水分利用能力高,气孔导度、蒸腾速率低,水分利用效率高;黄桐的光合能力高,净光合速率比乐东拟单性木兰高。植物在光合能力、叶温控制能力、光合生理可塑性和水分利用能力上的差异对植物群落的演替有重要影响。     

Tropical alluvial forest fragmentation in the eastern lowlands of Colombia (1939–1997)

Alluvial forests are under high pressure from human activities because of their value as agricultural, wildlife, timber and recreational land. Despite this, spatial patterns of alluvial forest deforestation are not well known. We studied forest alterations in a 2800 ha alluvial ecosystem using aerial photographs. During the study period (1939–1997), forests with canopy heights greater than 15 m (high canopy mature forest; HCM forest) decreased by 70·4 per cent while forests with canopy heights less than 15 m (low canopy mature forest; LCM forest) forests decreased by 51 per cent, producing a highly fragmented landscape. Factors responsible for forest change included human activities and river dynamics. Although most of the deforestation was related to human disturbance, almost 27 per cent of forest losses were due to channel migration of the Meta River. HCM forests were the most affected land cover since they are easily accessed, viable for logging and occurred on fertile soils, which are valuable for agriculture. LCM forests were less affected since their soil fertilities and inundation regimes were unfavourable to human uses, and thus, less prone to anthropogenic disturbances. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.